When a handoff is observed with a mismatch (MISM), who must advise the student and who must be informed about each MISM?

• A. The supervisor must advise; the student informs the controller
• B. The trainer must advise; the student informs the supervisor
• C. The Radar Controller must advise the student; the student informs Supervisors
• D. The pilot must advise; the controller informs the supervisor

Answer: (D)

When a handoff mismatch is observed, the most immediate, practical guidance for the student comes from the pilot, who can explain the mismatch in concrete terms and show the correct way to handle it right away. The controller is responsible for escalating the issue up the chain of command, so the supervisor is informed about each MISM for safety oversight, documentation, and trend analysis. This arrangement keeps the student learning in real time from the person directly involved in the flight data, while ensuring proper accountability and oversight through the supervisor. Other options would either delay direct instructional feedback or mix escalation with the wrong role, reducing both learning effectiveness and safety traceability.